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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Predation problem</span></span>

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<p>The <b>predation problem</b> or <b>predation argument</b> refers to the consideration of the harms experienced by animals due to <a href="Predation" title="Predation">predation</a> as a moral problem, that humans may or may not have an obligation to work towards preventing. Discourse on this topic has, by and large, been held within the disciplines of <a href="Animal_ethics" title="Animal ethics">animal</a> and <a href="Environmental_ethics" title="Environmental ethics">environmental ethics</a>. The issue has particularly been discussed in relation to <a href="Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">animal rights</a> and <a href="Wild_animal_suffering" title="Wild animal suffering">wild animal suffering</a>. Some critics have considered an obligation to prevent predation as untenable or absurd and have used the position as a <i><a href="Reductio_ad_absurdum" title="Reductio ad absurdum">reductio ad absurdum</a></i> to reject the concept of animal rights altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have criticized any obligation implied by the animal rights position as environmentally harmful.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Responses from animal ethicists and rights advocates have been varied. Some have rejected the claim that animal rights as a position implies that we are obligated to prevent predation,<sup id="cite_ref-Kapembwa_2018_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kapembwa_2018-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others have argued that the animal rights position does imply that predation is something that we should try to avert.<sup id="cite_ref-Sapontzis_2011_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sapontzis_2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have asserted that it is not something that we should do anything about now due to the risk that we could inadvertently cause significant harm, but that it is something that we may be able to effectively take action on in the future with improved knowledge and technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-McMahan_2015_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMahan_2015-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_views">Historical views</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Problem_of_evil">Problem of evil</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Problem_of_evil#Problem_of_evil_and_animal_suffering" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil § Problem of evil and animal suffering</a>, and <a href="Evolutionary_theodicy" title="Evolutionary theodicy">Evolutionary theodicy</a></div>

<p>Predation has historically been viewed as a <a href="Natural_evil" title="Natural evil">natural evil</a> within the context of the <a href="Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">problem of evil</a> and has been considered a moral concern for Christians who have engaged with <a href="Theodicy" title="Theodicy">theodicy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Natural evils have been sometimes thought of as something that humans should work towards alleviating, or as part of a greater good which justifies the existence of this type of evil.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> advocated the latter view, arguing that "defects" in nature such as predation led to the "good of another, or even to the universal good" and that if "all evil were prevented, much good would be absent from the universe".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within <a href="Christian_Scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Scripture">Christian</a> and <a href="Hebrew_Scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew Scripture">Hebrew Scripture</a>, there are several prophecies which describe a future Heaven or Earth where predation is no longer a feature of nature,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including Isaiah's prophecy that "[t]he wolf shall live with the lamb, the leopard shall lie down with the kid, the calf and the lion and the fatling together, and a little child shall lead them."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In his notebooks (written between 1487 and 1505), <a href="Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> suggested that natural suffering and death, including plagues and predation, are necessary for maintaining balance and renewal in the world, even if they seem unjust or cruel.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> made several observations about predation and suffering experienced by wild animals in <i><a href="Dialogues_Concerning_Natural_Religion" title="Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion">Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion</a></i> (1779), stating that the "stronger prey upon the weaker, and keep them in perpetual terror and anxiety".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="William_Paley" title="William Paley">William Paley</a>, in <i><a href="Natural_Theology_or_Evidences_of_the_Existence_and_Attributes_of_the_Deity" title="Natural Theology or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity">Natural Theology</a></i>, described predation as being the most challenging of God's work to establish the utility of,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nevertheless, he defended predation as the means to deal with the potentially catastrophic effects of animals producing more offspring than can possibly survive.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The debate around predation and the problem of evil was significantly increased by the popularization of <a href="Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s theory of <a href="Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some earlier Christians argued that violence in nature was a result of the <a href="Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">fall of man</a>, but evidence that predation has existed for millions of years before the evolution of humans and the concept of sin, indicates that while life has existed, there has never been a time where nature has been free from violence.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darwin himself questioned how the fact that the <a href="Ichneumonidae" title="Ichneumonidae">Ichneumonidae</a> prey on the bodies of living caterpillars could be reconciled with the idea of an omnibenevolent God.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_of_moral_judgements_towards_predatory_animals">Criticism of moral judgements towards predatory animals</h3></div>

<p><a href="Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> criticised the labelling of <a href="Carnivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnivorous">carnivorous</a> animals such as lions, tigers and snakes as barbarous because for them killing is a necessity while for humans who can live off of "nature's beneficent fruits" killing is a "luxury and crime".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The writer <a href="Edward_Augustus_Kendall" title="Edward Augustus Kendall">Edward Augustus Kendall</a> discussed predation in his book of moral fables <i>The Canary Bird</i> (1799), in which he argued that predatory behavior by animals should not be judged by human moral standards and that "a prejudice against particular creatures, for fancied acts of cruelty is absurd".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophical_pessimism">Philosophical pessimism</h3></div>

<p><a href="Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Giacomo Leopardi</a>, the Italian poet and philosopher, in <i><a href="Operette_morali" class="mw-redirect" title="Operette morali">Operette morali</a></i> (1827) engaged in a dialogue with Nature in "Dialogue between Nature and an Icelander", which uses the inevitability of predation—such as a squirrel fleeing from a rattlesnake, only to run into the snake's open mouth—as a moral indictment on nature's cannibalism of its own offspring. The inevitability of such cycles of destruction and creation was a cause for Leopardi's <a href="Philosophical_pessimism" title="Philosophical pessimism">philosophical pessimism</a>. In <i><a href="Zibaldone_di_pensieri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zibaldone di pensieri">Zibaldone</a></i>, published posthumously in 1898, Leopardi argued that predation is the ultimate indication of the evil design of nature.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Similar to Leopardi, the German philosopher <a href="Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a>, in 1851, used the pain experienced by an animal being devoured by another as a refutation against the idea that the "pleasure in the world outweighs the pain".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_rights">Animal rights</h3></div>

<p><a href="Lewis_Gompertz" title="Lewis Gompertz">Lewis Gompertz</a>, an early animal rights advocate, and one of the first contemporary authors to address the problem of <a href="Wild_animal_suffering" title="Wild animal suffering">wild animal suffering</a>, in the fifth chapter of his 1824 book <i><a href="Moral_Inquiries_on_the_Situation_of_Man_and_of_Brutes" title="Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes">Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes</a></i>, engaged in a dialogue, in which he asserted that animals devouring each other can be judged as wrong by the rules that we use to govern human lives and stated that "should I witness the attempt in any animal of destroying another, I would endeavour to frustrate it; though this might probably be wrong." He went on to argue that the extinction of carnivorous species would not be bad, claiming that the species of one animal is not more important than an equal number of another and that it would be possible for some carnivorous animals, like wolves, to instead sustain themselves on vegetables.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The American zoologist and animal rights philosopher <a href="J._Howard_Moore" title="J. Howard Moore">J. Howard Moore</a> in the pamphlet <i><a href="Why_I_Am_a_Vegetarian" title="Why I Am a Vegetarian">Why I Am a Vegetarian</a></i>, published in 1895, described the <a href="Carnivora" title="Carnivora">carnivora</a> as "relentless brutes", whose existence is a travesty for ethics, justice and mercy.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="Better-World_Philosophy" title="Better-World Philosophy">Better-World Philosophy</a></i> (1899), Moore argued that carnivorousness was the result of excessive egoism, a product of natural selection, stating "Life riots on life—tooth and talon, beak and paw".<sup id="cite_ref-Moore_1899_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore_1899-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 123–125">: 123–125 </span></sup> He went on to claim that the irredeemable nature of carnivorous species meant that they could not be reconciled with each other in his ideal arrangement of the universe, which he called a "Confederation of the Consciousnesses".<sup id="cite_ref-Moore_1899_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore_1899-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 161–163">: 161–163 </span></sup> In <i><a href="The_New_Ethics" title="The New Ethics">The New Ethics</a></i> (1907), Moore labelled carnivorous species as "criminal" races whose "existence is a continual menace to the peace and well-being of the world" because the "fullness of their lives is dependent upon the emptiness and destruction of others".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1903, the Scottish philosopher <a href="David_George_Ritchie" title="David George Ritchie">David G. Ritchie</a> in response to Henry S. Salt's 1892 book <i><a href="Animals'_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Animals' Rights">Animals' Rights</a></i>, claimed that giving animals rights would imply that we must "protect the weak among them against the strong" and to achieve this, carnivorous animals should be put to death or slowly starved by "permanent captivity and vegetarian diet". He considered this proposal absurd, stating that the "declaration of the rights of every creeping thing [is] to remain a mere hypocritical formula to gratify pug-loving sentimentalists".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_views">Contemporary views</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_ethics">Animal ethics</h3></div>

<p>In 1973, Australian philosopher <a href="Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a> argued that if humans were to try to prevent predation, such as from stopping lions killing gazelles, that it would likely increase the "net amount of animal suffering", but asserted that if hypothetically we could reduce suffering in the long-term, then it would be right to intervene.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The English philosopher <a href="Stephen_R._L._Clark" title="Stephen R. L. Clark">Stephen R. L. Clark</a>'s "The Rights of Wild Things" (1979) is considered to be one of the first ethics papers to explicitly engage with predation as a problem.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the paper, Clark argues that the concept that humans are obligated to aid animals against predators is not absurd, but that it follows only in the abstract, not in practice.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Animal rights philosopher, <a href="Tom_Regan" title="Tom Regan">Tom Regan</a> in his 1983 book, <i>The Case for Animal Rights</i>, argued that humans have no obligation to prevent predation because carnivorous animals are not moral agents and as a result cannot violate the rights of the animals that they predate.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along these lines, Julius Kapembwa argues that "intervention in predation is neither required nor permitted by animal rights theory".<sup id="cite_ref-Kapembwa_2018_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kapembwa_2018-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Steve_Sapontzis" class="mw-redirect" title="Steve Sapontzis">Steve Sapontzis</a>, in his 1984 paper "Predation" argues against the idea that the problem of predation is a <i><a href="Reductio_ad_absurdum" title="Reductio ad absurdum">reductio ad absurdum</a></i> for animal rights, instead, he claims that if we accept the view that we have an obligation to reduce avoidable animal suffering, then predation is something that we should work towards preventing if we can do so without inflicting greater suffering.<sup id="cite_ref-Sapontzis_2011_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sapontzis_2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sapontzis concludes that whether humans choose to fulfil this particular obligation, or attempt to reduce other forms of avoidable suffering, is a question of where humans can do the most good.

</p><p>In a 2003 paper, the economist <a href="Tyler_Cowen" title="Tyler Cowen">Tyler Cowen</a> advocates, from a utility, rights and holistic perspective, for the policing of nature to reduce the predatory activity of certain animals to help their victims.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The transhumanist philosopher <a href="David_Pearce_(philosopher)" title="David Pearce (philosopher)">David Pearce</a>, in his 2009 essay, "Reprogramming Predators", claims that predation is an immense source of suffering in the world and that a "biosphere without suffering is technically feasible". He argues for the phased extinction of carnivorous species using <a href="Immunocontraceptives" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunocontraceptives">immunocontraceptives</a> or "reprogramming" them using <a href="Genome_editing" title="Genome editing">gene editing</a> so that their descendants become <a href="Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivores</a>. Pearce lists and argues against a number of justifications used by people who think that suffering caused by predation does not matter and that it should be conserved in its current state, including a "television-based conception of the living world", "[s]elective realism" and "[a]daptive empathy deficits".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 2010, <a href="Jeff_McMahan_(philosopher)" title="Jeff McMahan (philosopher)">Jeff McMahan</a> published "<a href="The_Meat_Eaters" title="The Meat Eaters">The Meat Eaters</a>", an op-ed for the <i>New York Times</i> on predation as a moral issue, in which he argued that preventing the massive amounts of suffering and death caused by predation would be a good thing and that the extinction of carnivorous species could be instrumentally good if this could be achieved without inflicting "ecological upheaval involving more harm than would be prevented by the end of predation".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McMahan received a number of objections to his arguments and responded to these in another op-ed published in the same year, "Predators: A Response".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later published his arguments as a chapter titled "The Moral Problem of Predation", in the 2015 book <i>Philosophy Comes to Dinner</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-McMahan_2015_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMahan_2015-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Peter_Vallentyne" title="Peter Vallentyne">Peter Vallentyne</a> argues that it is permissible for humans to intervene to help prey in limited ways, if the cost to humans is minimal, but that we should not eliminate predators. In the same way that we aid humans in need, when the cost to humans is minimal, humans might help wild animals in limited circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Martha Nussbaum</a> asserts that the predation problem and what should be done to solve it should be the subject of serious discussion, also arguing that there should be research into future solutions. Nussbaum draws attention to a need to convince people that predation is a problem and to challenge the common conception of predation as exciting and enthralling, which she believes has a negative impact on human culture. She goes on to challenge the idea of animals, who are preyed upon, as existing to be food for other animals, rather than being made to live for their own lives. Nussbaum concludes that humans, who have extensive control over animal lives and habitats, need to face up to their responsibilities towards wild animals and work towards their flourishing, rather than harming them.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Some ethicists have made concrete proposals for reducing or preventing predation, including stopping the <a href="Wolf_reintroduction" title="Wolf reintroduction">reintroduction of predators</a> in locations where they have previously gone extinct,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and removing predators from wild areas.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_ethics">Environmental ethics</h3></div>

<p>In 1984, the British ecologist <a href="Felicity_Huntingford" title="Felicity Huntingford">Felicity A. Huntingford</a> published "Some ethical issues raised by studies of predation and aggression", in which she discusses ethical issues and implications regarding the staging of artificial encounters for studies of predator-prey interactions.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the context of <a href="Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a>, predation is considered to play a crucial and necessary role in ecosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has led some writers, such as <a href="Michael_Pollan" title="Michael Pollan">Michael Pollan</a>, to reject predation as being a moral problem at all, stating "predation is not a matter of morality or politics; it, also, is a matter of symbiosis".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Aldo Leopold's <a href="Land_ethic" title="Land ethic">land ethic</a>, native predators, as crucial components of biotic communities, are considered important to conserve.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The environmental philosopher <a href="J._Baird_Callicott" title="J. Baird Callicott">J. Baird Callicott</a> asserts that the implication of animal rights theory, namely that we should protect animals from predators, would "[n]ot only [result in] the (humane) eradication of predators destroy the community, it would destroy the species which are the intended beneficiaries of this misplaced morality. Many prey species depend upon predators to optimize their populations."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Holmes_Rolston_III" title="Holmes Rolston III">Holmes Rolston III</a> views predation as an essential natural process and driver of evolution, that is a "sad good" to be respected and valued.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lynn_2006_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynn_2006-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ty Raterman, an environmentalist, has argued that predation is something that can be lamented without implying that we have an obligation to prevent it.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The environmental ethicist William Lynn has argued that from a welfare perspective predation "is necessary for the well-being of predators and prey" and essential for the maintenance of the integrity of the ecological communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Lynn_2006_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynn_2006-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larry Rasmussen, a Christian environmental ethicist, has argued that predation is "not a pattern of morality we praise and advocate".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses_of_the_term">Other uses of the term</h2></div>

<p>"Predation problem" can also refer to the predation of animals who belong to species considered valuable to humans for economic reasons or conservation, such as <a href="Domestic_sheep_predation" title="Domestic sheep predation">domestic sheep predation</a> by <a href="Coyote" title="Coyote">coyotes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Farmed_salmon_predation" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmed salmon predation">farmed salmon predation</a> by <a href="Seal_(animal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (animal)">seals</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the predation of <a href="Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">animals who are hunted for sport or food</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Cat_predation_on_wildlife" title="Cat predation on wildlife">cat predation of wild animals</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Wildlife_culling" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife culling">culling</a> or removal of predatory animals may be carried out to reduce such incidents.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Animal_ethics" title="Animal ethics">Animal ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Relationship_between_animal_ethics_and_environmental_ethics" title="Relationship between animal ethics and environmental ethics">Relationship between animal ethics and environmental ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecology_of_fear" title="Ecology of fear">Ecology of fear</a></li>

<li><a href="Sentience" title="Sentience">Sentience</a></li>

<li><a href="Wild_animal_suffering" title="Wild animal suffering">Wild animal suffering</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCallicott1988" class="citation journal cs1">Callicott, J. (1988-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/bts/vol4/iss3/3">"Animal Liberation and Environmental Ethics: Back Together Again"</a>. <i>Between the Species</i>. <b>4</b> (3). <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15368%2Fbts.1988v4n3.1">10.15368/bts.1988v4n3.1</a></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHettinger1994" class="citation journal cs1">Hettinger, Ned (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hettingern.people.cofc.edu/Hettinger%20-%20Valuing%20Predation%20in%20Rolston's%20Environmental%20Ethics.pdf">"Valuing Predation in Rolston's Environmental Ethics: Bambi Lovers versus Tree Huggers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Environmental Ethics</i>. <b>16</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>20. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fenviroethics199416138">10.5840/enviroethics199416138</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0163-4275">0163-4275</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Lynn_2006-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lynn_2006_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lynn_2006_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLynn2006" class="citation web cs1">Lynn, William (2006-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.williamlynn.net/ethos-sad-goods/">"Sad Goods"</a>. <i>William Lynn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-08</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRaterman2008" class="citation journal cs1">Raterman, Ty (Winter 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stafforini.com/docs/Raterman%20-%20An%20environmentalist's%20lament%20on%20predation.pdf">"An Environmentalist's Lament on Predation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Environmental Ethics</i>. <b>30</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">417–</span>434. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fenviroethics200830443">10.5840/enviroethics200830443</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSideris2003" class="citation book cs1">Sideris, Lisa H. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H3Xdv9bvhJAC"><i>Environmental Ethics, Ecological Theology, and Natural Selection</i></a>. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 175. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-231-12661-8</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEllins1985" class="citation journal cs1">Ellins, Stuart R. (1985-09-01). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195666385800179">"Coyote control and taste aversion: A predation problem or a people problem?"</a></span>. <i>Appetite</i>. <b>6</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">272–</span>275. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0195-6663%2885%2980017-9">10.1016/S0195-6663(85)80017-9</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0195-6663">0195-6663</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3000296">3000296</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35924539">35924539</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHawkins1985" class="citation report cs1">Hawkins, A. D. (November 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.gov.scot/Uploads/Documents/SFWP885.pdf">Seal Predation at Salmon Farms</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Department of Agriculture and Fisheries for Scotland<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-28</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFReynoldsTapper1996" class="citation journal cs1">Reynolds, J. C.; Tapper, S. C. (1996). "Control of mammalian predators in game management and conservation". <i>Mammal Review</i>. <b>26</b> (<span class="nowrap">2–</span>3): <span class="nowrap">127–</span>155. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2907.1996.tb00150.x">10.1111/j.1365-2907.1996.tb00150.x</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-2907">1365-2907</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCarey2017" class="citation web cs1">Carey, John (2017-10-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nwf.org/Home/Magazines/National-Wildlife/2017/Oct-Nov/Animals/The-Cat-Conundrum">"The Cat Conundrum"</a>. <i>National Wildlife Federation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-28</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSwan2017" class="citation thesis cs1">Swan, George Julius Fraser (2017-11-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/handle/10871/32644?show=full"><i>Understanding conservation conflicts surrounding predation and game shooting interests</i></a> (Thesis). University of Exeter.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBlejwasSacksJaegerMcCullough2002" class="citation journal cs1">Blejwas, Karen M.; Sacks, Benjamin N.; Jaeger, Michael M.; McCullough, Dale R. (April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3803178">"The Effectiveness of Selective Removal of Breeding Coyotes in Reducing Sheep Predation"</a>. <i>The Journal of Wildlife Management</i>. <b>66</b> (2): 451. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3803178">10.2307/3803178</a></span>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3803178">3803178</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFMilburn2015" class="citation journal cs1">Milburn, Josh (2015-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11158-015-9281-2">"Rabbits, Stoats and the Predator Problem: Why a Strong Animal Rights Position Need Not Call for Human Intervention to Protect Prey from Predators"</a>. <i>Res Publica</i>. <b>21</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">273–</span>289. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11158-015-9281-2">10.1007/s11158-015-9281-2</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1572-8692">1572-8692</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142147582">142147582</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFComstock2017" class="citation book cs1">Comstock, Gary (2017). "Two Views of Animals in Environmental Ethics". In Schmidtz, David (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philarchive.org/archive/GARTVO-7"><i>Philosophy: Environmental Ethics</i></a>. Macmillan Reference USA. pp. <span class="nowrap">151–</span>183. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-02-866332-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCormierRossi2018" class="citation journal cs1">Cormier, Andrée-Anne; Rossi, Mauro (2018). "The Problem of Predation in Zoopolis". <i>Journal of Applied Philosophy</i>. <b>35</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">718–</span>736. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjapp.12250">10.1111/japp.12250</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-5930">1468-5930</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMonsó2021" class="citation cs2">Monsó, Susana (2021-06-07), Siegetsleitner, Anne; Oberprantacher, Andreas; Frick, Marie-Luisa; Metschl, Ulrich (eds.), <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110702255-025/html">"Is Predation Necessarily Amoral?"</a></span>, <i>Crisis and Critique: Philosophical Analysis and Current Events</i>, De Gruyter, pp. <span class="nowrap">367–</span>382, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110702255-025">10.1515/9783110702255-025</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-11-070225-5</bdi>, <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236246626">236246626</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-09</span></span></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFAllegri2022" class="citation journal cs1">Allegri, Francesco (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/archive/ALLITA-9.pdf">"Is There a Moral Problem in Predation?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="Relations._Beyond_Anthropocentrism" title="Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism">Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism</a></i>. <b>10</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">93–</span>100 – via PhilArchive.</cite></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Animal_rights398" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics_(overviews,_concepts,_issues,_cases)398" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Animal_rights_movement" title="Animal rights movement">Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_animal_rights" title="History of animal rights">History</a> (<a href="Moral_status_of_animals_in_the_ancient_world" title="Moral status of animals in the ancient world">Ancient world</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_animal_welfare_and_rights" title="Timeline of animal welfare and rights">Timeline</a> <ul class="cslist"><li><a href="Timeline_of_animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Europe" title="Timeline of animal welfare and rights in Europe">Europe</a></li><li><a href="Timeline_of_animal_welfare_and_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of animal welfare and rights in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Animal_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="Animal rights by country or territory">By country or territory</a> <ul class="cslist"><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Argentina" title="Animal welfare and rights in Argentina">Argentina</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Australia" title="Animal welfare and rights in Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Austria" title="Animal welfare and rights in Austria">Austria</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Azerbaijan" title="Animal welfare and rights in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Brazil" title="Animal welfare and rights in Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Canada" title="Animal welfare and rights in Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_China" title="Animal welfare and rights in China">China</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Denmark" title="Animal welfare and rights in Denmark">Denmark</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Ethiopia" title="Animal welfare and rights in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_France" title="Animal welfare and rights in France">France</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Germany" title="Animal welfare and rights in Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Hong_Kong" title="Animal welfare and rights in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_India" title="Animal welfare and rights in India">India</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Indonesia" title="Animal welfare and rights in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Iran" title="Animal welfare and rights in Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Israel" title="Animal welfare and rights in Israel">Israel</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Italy" title="Animal welfare and rights in Italy">Italy</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Japan" title="Animal welfare and rights in Japan">Japan</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Malaysia" title="Animal welfare and rights in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Mexico" title="Animal welfare and rights in Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_the_Netherlands" title="Animal welfare and rights in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Russia" title="Animal welfare and rights in Russia">Russia</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_South_Africa" title="Animal welfare and rights in South Africa">South Africa</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_South_Korea" title="Animal welfare and rights in South Korea">South Korea</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Spain" title="Animal welfare and rights in Spain">Spain</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Sweden" title="Animal welfare and rights in Sweden">Sweden</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Switzerland" title="Animal welfare and rights in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal welfare and rights in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal welfare and rights in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Anarchism</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_rights_and_punk_subculture" title="Animal rights and punk subculture">Punk subculture</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_rights#In_religion" title="Animal rights">Religion</a> <ul class="cslist"><li><a href="Christianity_and_animal_rights" title="Christianity and animal rights">Christianity</a></li><li><a href="Animal_rights_in_Indian_religions" title="Animal rights in Indian religions">Indian religions</a></li><li><a href="Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Women_and_animal_advocacy" title="Women and animal advocacy">Women</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abolitionism_(animal_rights)" title="Abolitionism (animal rights)">Abolitionism</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Animal_cognition" title="Animal cognition">Animal cognition</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_consciousness" title="Animal consciousness">Animal consciousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Animal–industrial complex">Animal–industrial complex</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_law" title="Animal law">Animal law</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_machine" title="Animal machine">Animal machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_protectionism" title="Animal protectionism">Animal protectionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_trial" title="Animal trial">Animal trial</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li>

<li><a href="Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">Anthropocentrism</a></li>

<li><a href="Argument_from_marginal_cases" title="Argument from marginal cases">Argument from marginal cases</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Cambridge_Declaration_on_Consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness">Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="New_York_Declaration_on_Animal_Consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Declaration on Animal Consciousness">New York Declaration on Animal Consciousness</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li>

<li><a href="Equal_consideration_of_interests" title="Equal consideration of interests">Equal consideration of interests</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">Emotion in animals</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethics_of_uncertain_sentience" title="Ethics of uncertain sentience">Ethics of uncertain sentience</a></li>

<li><a href="Holocaust_analogy_in_animal_rights" title="Holocaust analogy in animal rights">Holocaust analogy</a></li>

<li><a href="Insects_in_ethics" title="Insects in ethics">Insects in ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Intrinsic_value_in_animal_ethics" title="Intrinsic value in animal ethics">Intrinsic value</a></li>

<li><a href="Meat_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat paradox">Meat paradox</a></li>

<li><a href="Mentophobia" title="Mentophobia">Mentophobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Moral_circle_expansion" title="Moral circle expansion">Moral circle expansion</a></li>

<li><a href="Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li>

<li><a href="Nonkilling" title="Nonkilling">Nonkilling</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_rescue" title="Open rescue">Open rescue</a></li>

<li><a href="Opposition_to_hunting" title="Opposition to hunting">Opposition to hunting</a></li>

<li><a href="Painism" class="mw-redirect" title="Painism">Painism</a></li>

<li><a href="Personism" title="Personism">Personism</a></li>

<li><a href="Replaceability_argument" title="Replaceability argument">Replaceability argument</a></li>

<li><a href="Sentientism" title="Sentientism">Sentientism</a></li>

<li><a href="Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li>

<li><a href="Total_liberation" title="Total liberation">Total liberation</a></li>

<li><a href="Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li>

<li><a href="Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal<br> husbandry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Animal_product" title="Animal product">Animal product</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a> <ul class="cslist"><li><a href="Battery_cage" title="Battery cage">Battery cage</a></li><li><a href="Bile_bear" title="Bile bear">Bile bear</a></li><li><a href="Chick_culling" title="Chick culling">Chick culling</a></li><li><a href="Crocodile_farm" title="Crocodile farm">Crocodiles</a></li><li><a href="Concentrated_animal_feeding_operation" title="Concentrated animal feeding operation">CAFOs</a></li><li>Cow-calf separation</li><li><a href="Feedback_(pork_industry)" title="Feedback (pork industry)">Feedback</a></li><li><a href="Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Fish</a></li><li><a href="Foam_depopulation" title="Foam depopulation">Foam depopulation</a></li><li><a href="Fur_farming" title="Fur farming">Fur</a></li><li><a href="Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">Fur trade</a></li><li><a href="Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insects</a></li><li><a href="Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">Intensive</a></li><li><a href="Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">Pigs</a></li><li><a href="Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a></li><li><a href="Live_export" title="Live export">Live export</a></li><li><a href="Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Poultry</a></li><li><a href="Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Wildlife</a></li><li><a href="Animal_slaughter" title="Animal slaughter">Slaughter</a></li><li><a href="Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">Slaughterhouse</a></li><li><a href="Ventilation_shutdown" title="Ventilation shutdown">Ventilation shutdown</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Blood_sport" title="Blood sport">Blood sport</a> <ul class="cslist"><li><a href="Badger-baiting" title="Badger-baiting">Badger-baiting</a></li><li><a href="Bear-baiting" title="Bear-baiting">Bear-baiting</a></li><li><a href="Boar-baiting" title="Boar-baiting">Boar-baiting</a></li><li><a href="Bull-baiting" title="Bull-baiting">Bull-baiting</a></li><li><a href="Donkey-baiting" title="Donkey-baiting">Donkey-baiting</a></li><li><a href="Duck-baiting" title="Duck-baiting">Duck-baiting</a></li><li><a href="Hog-dog_rodeo" title="Hog-dog rodeo">Hog-baiting</a></li><li><a href="Human-baiting" title="Human-baiting">Human-baiting</a></li><li><a href="Hyena-baiting" title="Hyena-baiting">Hyena-baiting</a></li><li><a href="Lion-baiting" title="Lion-baiting">Lion-baiting</a></li><li><a href="Monkey-baiting" title="Monkey-baiting">Monkey-baiting</a></li><li><a href="Rat-baiting" title="Rat-baiting">Rat-baiting</a></li><li><a href="Wolf-baiting" title="Wolf-baiting">Wolf-baiting</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty</a></li>

<li><a href="Pest_control" title="Pest control">Pest control</a> (<a href="Varmint_hunting" title="Varmint hunting">Varmint hunting</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li>

<li><a href="Working_animal" title="Working animal">Working animal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">Animal testing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_animal_testing" title="History of animal testing">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Alternatives_to_animal_testing" title="Alternatives to animal testing">Alternatives</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_testing_regulations" title="Animal testing regulations">Regulations</a> <ul class="cslist"><li><a href="Countries_banning_non-human_ape_experimentation" title="Countries banning non-human ape experimentation">Countries banning non-human ape experimentation</a></li><li><a href="Animal_testing_on_non-human_primates" title="Animal testing on non-human primates">Non-human primates</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Testing_cosmetics_on_animals" title="Testing cosmetics on animals">Cosmetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Model_organism" title="Model organism">Model organism</a></li>

<li><a href="Vivisection" title="Vivisection">Vivisection</a> (<a href="Anti-vivisection_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-vivisection movement">Anti-vivisection movement</a>)</li>

<li>Organizations <ul class="cslist"><li><a href="Huntingdon_Life_Sciences" title="Huntingdon Life Sciences">Huntingdon Life Sciences</a></li><li><a href="Nafovanny" title="Nafovanny">Nafovanny</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Green_Scare" title="Green Scare">Green Scare</a> (<a href="Operation_Backfire_(FBI)" title="Operation Backfire (FBI)">Operation Backfire</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abandoned_pets" title="Abandoned pets">Abandoned pets</a></li>

<li><a href="Captivity_(animal)" title="Captivity (animal)">Captivity</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_euthanasia" title="Animal euthanasia">Euthanasia</a> (<a href="Insect_euthanasia" title="Insect euthanasia">insects</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Welfare_of_farmed_insects" title="Welfare of farmed insects">Farmed insects</a></li>

<li><a href="Killing_of_animals" title="Killing of animals">Killing of animals</a></li>

<li><a href="Pain_in_animals" title="Pain in animals">Pain</a> <ul class="cslist"><li><a href="Pain_in_amphibians" title="Pain in amphibians">Amphibians</a></li><li><a href="Pain_in_cephalopods" title="Pain in cephalopods">Cephalopods</a></li><li><a href="Pain_in_crustaceans" title="Pain in crustaceans">Crustaceans</a></li><li><a href="Pain_in_fish" title="Pain in fish">Fish</a></li><li><a href="Pain_in_invertebrates" title="Pain in invertebrates">Invertebrates</a></li><li><a href="Pain_and_suffering_in_laboratory_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pain and suffering in laboratory animals">Laboratory animals</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Animals_in_sport" title="Animals in sport">Sports</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial</a></li>

<li><a href="Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Farming</a></li>

<li><a href="Recreational_fishing" title="Recreational fishing">Recreational</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Wild_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild animals">Wild animals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Culling_wildlife" class="mw-redirect" title="Culling wildlife">Culling</a></li>

<li><a href="Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Farming</a></li>

<li><a href="Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a>

<ul><li>Techniques <ul class="cslist"><li><a href="Coursing" title="Coursing">Coursing</a></li><li><a href="Spotlighting" title="Spotlighting">Spotlighting</a></li><li><a href="Trail_hunting" title="Trail hunting">Trail hunting</a></li><li><a href="Trapping" title="Trapping">Trapping</a></li><li><a href="Treeing" title="Treeing">Treeing</a></li><li><a href="Trophy_hunting" title="Trophy hunting">Trophy hunting</a></li><li><a href="Upland_hunting" title="Upland hunting">Upland hunting</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Animals <ul class="cslist"><li><a href="Alligator_hunting" title="Alligator hunting">Alligators</a></li><li><a href="Bat-fowling" title="Bat-fowling">Bats</a></li><li><a href="Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bears</a></li><li><a href="Fowling" title="Fowling">Birds</a></li><li><a href="Bison_hunting" title="Bison hunting">Bison</a></li><li><a href="Boar_hunting" title="Boar hunting">Boar</a></li><li><a href="Coon_hunting" title="Coon hunting">Raccoons</a></li><li><a href="Deer_hunting" title="Deer hunting">Deer</a></li><li><a href="Dolphin_drive_hunting" title="Dolphin drive hunting">Dolphins</a></li><li><a href="Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">Foxes</a></li><li><a href="Hare_coursing" title="Hare coursing">Hares</a></li><li><a href="Jackal_coursing" title="Jackal coursing">Jackals</a></li><li><a href="Lion_hunting" title="Lion hunting">Lions</a></li><li><a href="Mink_hunting" title="Mink hunting">Mink</a></li><li><a href="Muttonbirding" title="Muttonbirding">Petrels</a></li><li><a href="Quail_hunting" title="Quail hunting">Quail</a></li><li><a href="Rabbiting" title="Rabbiting">Rabbit</a></li><li><a href="Rook_shooting" title="Rook shooting">Rooks</a></li><li><a href="Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">Seals</a></li><li><a href="Squirrel_poaching" title="Squirrel poaching">Squirrels</a></li><li><a href="Tiger_hunting" title="Tiger hunting">Tigers</a></li><li><a href="Turtling_(hunting)" title="Turtling (hunting)">Turtles</a></li><li><a href="Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Waterfowl</a></li><li><a href="Plume_hunting" title="Plume hunting">Wild birds</a></li><li><a href="Whaling" title="Whaling">Whales</a></li><li><a href="Wolf_hunting" title="Wolf hunting">Wolves</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Wildlife_management" title="Wildlife management">Management</a></li>

<li><a href="Wild_animal_suffering" title="Wild animal suffering">Suffering</a></li>

<li><a href="Wildlife_trade" title="Wildlife trade">Trade</a> <ul class="cslist"><li><a href="International_primate_trade" title="International primate trade">Primates</a></li><li><a href="Ivory_trade" title="Ivory trade">Ivory</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Wild_animal_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild animal welfare">Welfare</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Brown_Dog_affair" title="Brown Dog affair">Brown Dog affair</a></li>

<li><a href="Cambridge_University_primates" title="Cambridge University primates">Cambridge University primates</a></li>

<li><a href="McLibel_case" title="McLibel case">McLibel case</a></li>

<li><a href="Monkey_selfie_copyright_dispute" title="Monkey selfie copyright dispute">Monkey selfie copyright dispute</a></li>

<li><a href="Pit_of_despair" title="Pit of despair">Pit of despair</a></li>

<li><a href="Silver_Spring_monkeys" title="Silver Spring monkeys">Silver Spring monkeys</a></li>

<li><a href="University_of_California%2C_Riverside_1985_laboratory_raid" title="University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid">University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid</a></li>

<li><a href="Unnecessary_Fuss" title="Unnecessary Fuss">Unnecessary Fuss</a></li>

<li><a href="War_of_the_currents" title="War of the currents">War of the currents</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Animal_ethics" title="Animal ethics">Animal ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li>

<li><a href="Critical_animal_studies" title="Critical animal studies">Critical animal studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethology" title="Ethology">Ethology</a></li>

<li><a href="Vegan_studies" title="Vegan studies">Vegan studies</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methodologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Direct_Action_Everywhere" title="Direct Action Everywhere">Direct Action Everywhere</a></li>

<li><a href="Hunt_sabotage" title="Hunt sabotage">Hunt sabotage</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="World_Animal_Day" title="World Animal Day">World Animal Day</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Day_for_Farmed_Animals" title="World Day for Farmed Animals">World Day for Farmed Animals</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Day_for_the_End_of_Speciesism" title="World Day for the End of Speciesism">World Day for the End of Speciesism</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Day_for_Laboratory_Animals" title="World Day for Laboratory Animals">World Day for Laboratory Animals</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Day_for_the_End_of_Fishing" title="World Day for the End of Fishing">World Day for the End of Fishing</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Vegan_Day" title="World Vegan Day">World Vegan Day</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Vegetarian_Day" title="World Vegetarian Day">World Vegetarian Day</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Advocates_(academics,_writers,_activists)398" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_animal_rights_advocates" title="List of animal rights advocates">Advocates</a> (academics, writers, activists)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics<br>and writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Carol_J._Adams" title="Carol J. Adams">Carol J. Adams</a></li>

<li><a href="Aysha_Akhtar" title="Aysha Akhtar">Aysha Akhtar</a></li>

<li><a href="Kristin_Andrews" title="Kristin Andrews">Kristin Andrews</a></li>

<li><a href="Marc_Bekoff" title="Marc Bekoff">Marc Bekoff</a></li>

<li><a href="Steven_Best" title="Steven Best">Steven Best</a></li>

<li><a href="Paola_Cavalieri" title="Paola Cavalieri">Paola Cavalieri</a></li>

<li><a href="Stephen_R._L._Clark" title="Stephen R. L. Clark">Stephen R. L. Clark</a></li>

<li><a href="Alasdair_Cochrane" title="Alasdair Cochrane">Alasdair Cochrane</a></li>

<li><a href="J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a></li>

<li><a href="Alice_Crary" title="Alice Crary">Alice Crary</a></li>

<li><a href="David_DeGrazia" title="David DeGrazia">David DeGrazia</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_Dombrowski" title="Daniel Dombrowski">Daniel Dombrowski</a></li>

<li><a href="Sue_Donaldson" title="Sue Donaldson">Sue Donaldson</a></li>

<li><a href="Josephine_Donovan" title="Josephine Donovan">Josephine Donovan</a></li>

<li><a href="Joan_Dunayer" title="Joan Dunayer">Joan Dunayer</a></li>

<li><a href="Mylan_Engel" title="Mylan Engel">Mylan Engel</a></li>

<li><a href="Catia_Faria" title="Catia Faria">Catia Faria</a></li>

<li><a href="Lawrence_Finsen" title="Lawrence Finsen">Lawrence Finsen</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_W._Fox" title="Michael W. Fox">Michael W. Fox</a></li>

<li><a href="Gary_L._Francione" title="Gary L. Francione">Gary L. Francione</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Garner" title="Robert Garner">Robert Garner</a></li>

<li><a href="Val%C3%A9ry_Giroux" title="Valéry Giroux">Valéry Giroux</a></li>

<li><a href="Lori_Gruen" title="Lori Gruen">Lori Gruen</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Hadley_(philosopher)" title="John Hadley (philosopher)">John Hadley</a></li>

<li><a href="Oscar_Horta" title="Oscar Horta">Oscar Horta</a></li>

<li><a href="Christine_Korsgaard" title="Christine Korsgaard">Christine Korsgaard</a></li>

<li><a href="Dale_Jamieson" title="Dale Jamieson">Dale Jamieson</a></li>

<li><a href="Kyle_Johannsen" title="Kyle Johannsen">Kyle Johannsen</a></li>

<li><a href="Melanie_Joy" title="Melanie Joy">Melanie Joy</a></li>

<li><a href="Hilda_Kean" title="Hilda Kean">Hilda Kean</a></li>

<li><a href="Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Will Kymlicka</a></li>

<li><a href="Renan_Larue" title="Renan Larue">Renan Larue</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Lepeltier" title="Thomas Lepeltier">Thomas Lepeltier</a></li>

<li><a href="Andrew_Linzey" title="Andrew Linzey">Andrew Linzey</a></li>

<li><a href="Clair_Linzey" title="Clair Linzey">Clair Linzey</a></li>

<li><a href="Dan_Lyons" title="Dan Lyons">Dan Lyons</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Nibert" title="David Nibert">David Nibert</a></li>

<li><a href="Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Martha Nussbaum</a></li>

<li><a href="Clare_Palmer" title="Clare Palmer">Clare Palmer</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Patterson_(author)" title="Charles Patterson (author)">Charles Patterson</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Pearce_(philosopher)" title="David Pearce (philosopher)">David Pearce</a></li>

<li><a href="Jessica_Pierce" title="Jessica Pierce">Jessica Pierce</a></li>

<li><a href="Evelyn_Pluhar" title="Evelyn Pluhar">Evelyn Pluhar</a></li>

<li><a href="Mark_Rowlands" title="Mark Rowlands">Mark Rowlands</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_D._Ryder" title="Richard D. Ryder">Richard D. Ryder</a></li>

<li><a href="Steve_F._Sapontzis" title="Steve F. Sapontzis">Steve F. Sapontzis</a></li>

<li><a href="J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Segal" title="Jérôme Segal">Jérôme Segal</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a></li>

<li><a href="Gary_Steiner" title="Gary Steiner">Gary Steiner</a></li>

<li><a href="Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Cass Sunstein</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Sztybel" title="David Sztybel">David Sztybel</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Tye_(philosopher)" title="Michael Tye (philosopher)">Michael Tye</a></li>

<li><a href="Tatjana_Vi%C5%A1ak" title="Tatjana Višak">Tatjana Višak</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Waldau" title="Paul Waldau">Paul Waldau</a></li>

<li><a href="Corey_Lee_Wrenn" title="Corey Lee Wrenn">Corey Lee Wrenn</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Tom_Beauchamp" title="Tom Beauchamp">Tom Beauchamp</a></li>

<li><a href="Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Renaud_Boullier" title="David Renaud Boullier">David Renaud Boullier</a></li>

<li><a href="Stephen_St._C._Bostock" title="Stephen St. C. Bostock">Stephen St. C. Bostock</a></li>

<li><a href="Brigid_Brophy" title="Brigid Brophy">Brigid Brophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Buchan" title="Peter Buchan">Peter Buchan</a></li>

<li><a href="Mona_Caird" title="Mona Caird">Mona Caird</a></li>

<li><a href="Priscilla_Cohn" title="Priscilla Cohn">Priscilla Cohn</a></li>

<li><a href="Sherry_Colb" title="Sherry Colb">Sherry Colb</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Crowe_(vicar)" title="Henry Crowe (vicar)">Henry Crowe</a></li>

<li><a href="Herman_Daggett" title="Herman Daggett">Herman Daggett</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Dean_(curate)" title="Richard Dean (curate)">Richard Dean</a></li>

<li><a href="Wilhelm_Dietler" title="Wilhelm Dietler">Wilhelm Dietler</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Hamilton_Drummond" title="William Hamilton Drummond">William Hamilton Drummond</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_Payson_Evans" title="Edward Payson Evans">Edward Payson Evans</a></li>

<li><a href="T._Forster" class="mw-redirect" title="T. Forster">T. Forster</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Galsworthy" title="John Galsworthy">John Galsworthy</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_G._Gentry" title="Thomas G. Gentry">Thomas G. Gentry</a></li>

<li><a href="V._A._Holmes-Gore" title="V. A. Holmes-Gore">V. A. Holmes-Gore</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Helps" title="Arthur Helps">Arthur Helps</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Hildrop" title="John Hildrop">John Hildrop</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Zephaniah_Holwell" title="John Zephaniah Holwell">John Zephaniah Holwell</a></li>

<li><a href="Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Francis Hutcheson</a></li>

<li><a href="Soame_Jenyns" title="Soame Jenyns">Soame Jenyns</a></li>

<li><a href="Marie_Jungius" title="Marie Jungius">Marie Jungius</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl Christian Friedrich Krause</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Lawrence_(writer)" title="John Lawrence (writer)">John Lawrence</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_R._Magel" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles R. Magel">Charles R. Magel</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Jean Meslier</a></li>

<li><a href="Mary_Midgley" title="Mary Midgley">Mary Midgley</a></li>

<li><a href="J._Howard_Moore" title="J. Howard Moore">J. Howard Moore</a></li>

<li><a href="Jos%C3%A9_Ferrater_Mora" title="José Ferrater Mora">José Ferrater Mora</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Morris_(writer)" title="Robert Morris (writer)">Robert Morris</a></li>

<li><a href="Leonard_Nelson" title="Leonard Nelson">Leonard Nelson</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_Nicholson_(librarian)" title="Edward Nicholson (librarian)">Edward Nicholson</a></li>

<li><a href="Siobhan_O'Sullivan" title="Siobhan O'Sullivan">Siobhan O'Sullivan</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Oswald_(revolutionary)" title="John Oswald (revolutionary)">John Oswald</a></li>

<li><a href="Rod_Preece" title="Rod Preece">Rod Preece</a></li>

<li><a href="Humphrey_Primatt" title="Humphrey Primatt">Humphrey Primatt</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Rachels" title="James Rachels">James Rachels</a></li>

<li><a href="Tom_Regan" title="Tom Regan">Tom Regan</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Ritson" title="Joseph Ritson">Joseph Ritson</a></li>

<li><a href="Nathaniel_Peabody_Rogers" title="Nathaniel Peabody Rogers">Nathaniel Peabody Rogers</a></li>

<li><a href="Bernard_Rollin" title="Bernard Rollin">Bernard Rollin</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Stephens_Salt" title="Henry Stephens Salt">Henry Stephens Salt</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a></li>

<li><a href="Laurids_Smith" title="Laurids Smith">Laurids Smith</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Styles" title="John Styles">John Styles</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Tryon" title="Thomas Tryon">Thomas Tryon</a></li>

<li><a href="Gary_Varner" title="Gary Varner">Gary Varner</a></li>

<li><a href="Johann_Friedrich_Ludwig_Volckmann" title="Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann">Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann</a></li>

<li><a href="Mary_Anne_Warren" title="Mary Anne Warren">Mary Anne Warren</a></li>

<li><a href="Adam_Gottlieb_Weigen" title="Adam Gottlieb Weigen">Adam Gottlieb Weigen</a></li>

<li><a href="Johann_Heinrich_Winckler" title="Johann Heinrich Winckler">Johann Heinrich Winckler</a></li>

<li><a href="Steven_M._Wise" title="Steven M. Wise">Steven M. Wise</a></li>

<li><a href="Jon_Wynne-Tyson" title="Jon Wynne-Tyson">Jon Wynne-Tyson</a></li>

<li><a href="Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Young_(animal_welfare_writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Young (animal welfare writer)">Thomas Young</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="James_Aspey" title="James Aspey">James Aspey</a></li>

<li><a href="Greg_Avery" title="Greg Avery">Greg Avery</a></li>

<li><a href="Martin_Balluch" title="Martin Balluch">Martin Balluch</a></li>

<li><a href="Carole_Baskin" title="Carole Baskin">Carole Baskin</a></li>

<li><a href="Barbi_Twins" title="Barbi Twins">Barbi Twins</a></li>

<li><a href="Brigitte_Bardot" title="Brigitte Bardot">Brigitte Bardot</a></li>

<li><a href="Yves_Bonnardel" title="Yves Bonnardel">Yves Bonnardel</a></li>

<li><a href="Joey_Carbstrong" title="Joey Carbstrong">Joey Carbstrong</a></li>

<li><a href="Aymeric_Caron" title="Aymeric Caron">Aymeric Caron</a></li>

<li><a href="Jake_Conroy" title="Jake Conroy">Jake Conroy</a></li>

<li><a href="Rod_Coronado" title="Rod Coronado">Rod Coronado</a></li>

<li><a href="Karen_Dawn" title="Karen Dawn">Karen Dawn</a></li>

<li><a href="Chris_DeRose" title="Chris DeRose">Chris DeRose</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Feldmann" title="John Feldmann">John Feldmann</a></li>

<li><a href="Bruce_Friedrich" title="Bruce Friedrich">Bruce Friedrich</a></li>

<li><a href="Juliet_Gellatley" title="Juliet Gellatley">Juliet Gellatley</a></li>

<li><a href="Tal_Gilboa" title="Tal Gilboa">Tal Gilboa</a></li>

<li><a href="Antoine_Goetschel" title="Antoine Goetschel">Antoine Goetschel</a></li>

<li><a href="Brigitte_Gothi%C3%A8re" title="Brigitte Gothière">Brigitte Gothière</a></li>

<li><a href="Alex_Hershaft" title="Alex Hershaft">Alex Hershaft</a></li>

<li><a href="Wayne_Hsiung" title="Wayne Hsiung">Wayne Hsiung</a></li>

<li><a href="Charlotte_Laws" title="Charlotte Laws">Charlotte Laws</a></li>

<li><a href="Ronnie_Lee" title="Ronnie Lee">Ronnie Lee</a></li>

<li><a href="Howard_Lyman" title="Howard Lyman">Howard Lyman</a></li>

<li><a href="Evanna_Lynch" title="Evanna Lynch">Evanna Lynch</a></li>

<li><a href="Bill_Maher" title="Bill Maher">Bill Maher</a></li>

<li><a href="Keith_Mann" title="Keith Mann">Keith Mann</a></li>

<li><a href="Jim_Mason_(activist)" title="Jim Mason (activist)">Jim Mason</a></li>

<li><a href="Dan_Mathews" title="Dan Mathews">Dan Mathews</a></li>

<li><a href="Joaquin_Phoenix" title="Joaquin Phoenix">Joaquin Phoenix</a></li>

<li><a href="Jo-Anne_McArthur" title="Jo-Anne McArthur">Jo-Anne McArthur</a></li>

<li><a href="Lu%C3%ADsa_Mell" class="mw-redirect" title="Luísa Mell">Luísa Mell</a></li>

<li><a href="Virginia_McKenna" title="Virginia McKenna">Virginia McKenna</a></li>

<li><a href="Morrissey" title="Morrissey">Morrissey</a></li>

<li><a href="Ingrid_Newkirk" title="Ingrid Newkirk">Ingrid Newkirk</a></li>

<li><a href="Heather_Nicholson" title="Heather Nicholson">Heather Nicholson</a></li>

<li><a href="Jack_Norris_(activist)" title="Jack Norris (activist)">Jack Norris</a></li>

<li><a href="Ric_O'Barry" title="Ric O'Barry">Ric O'Barry</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Olivier" title="David Olivier">David Olivier</a></li>

<li><a href="Alex_Pacheco_(activist)" title="Alex Pacheco (activist)">Alex Pacheco</a></li>

<li><a href="Craig_Rosebraugh" title="Craig Rosebraugh">Craig Rosebraugh</a></li>

<li><a href="Jasmin_Singer" title="Jasmin Singer">Jasmin Singer</a></li>

<li><a href="Kim_Stallwood" title="Kim Stallwood">Kim Stallwood</a></li>

<li><a href="Lynda_Stoner" title="Lynda Stoner">Lynda Stoner</a></li>

<li><a href="Marianne_Thieme" title="Marianne Thieme">Marianne Thieme</a></li>

<li><a href="Darren_Thurston" title="Darren Thurston">Darren Thurston</a></li>

<li><a href="Christine_Townend" title="Christine Townend">Christine Townend</a></li>

<li><a href="Wendy_Turner-Webster" title="Wendy Turner-Webster">Wendy Turner-Webster</a></li>

<li><a href="Jerry_Vlasak" title="Jerry Vlasak">Jerry Vlasak</a></li>

<li><a href="Louise_Wallis" title="Louise Wallis">Louise Wallis</a></li>

<li><a href="Ed_Winters" title="Ed Winters">Ed Winters</a></li>

<li><a href="Gary_Yourofsky" title="Gary Yourofsky">Gary Yourofsky</a></li>

<li><a href="That_Vegan_Teacher" title="That Vegan Teacher">That Vegan Teacher</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Cleveland_Amory" title="Cleveland Amory">Cleveland Amory</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_B._Amos" title="Henry B. Amos">Henry B. Amos</a></li>

<li><a href="Bob_Barker" title="Bob Barker">Bob Barker</a></li>

<li><a href="Ernest_Bell_(animal_rights_activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Bell (animal rights activist)">Ernest Bell</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Brown_(veterinarian)" title="William Brown (veterinarian)">William Brown</a></li>

<li><a href="Edith_Carrington" title="Edith Carrington">Edith Carrington</a></li>

<li>Joseph Collinson</li>

<li><a href="Frances_Power_Cobbe" title="Frances Power Cobbe">Frances Power Cobbe</a></li>

<li><a href="Joan_Court" title="Joan Court">Joan Court</a></li>

<li><a href="Karen_Davis_(activist)" title="Karen Davis (activist)">Karen Davis</a></li>

<li><a href="Royal_Dixon" title="Royal Dixon">Royal Dixon</a></li>

<li><a href="Muriel_Dowding%2C_Baroness_Dowding" title="Muriel Dowding, Baroness Dowding">Muriel Dowding</a></li>

<li><a href="Elizabeth_Farians" title="Elizabeth Farians">Elizabeth Farians</a></li>

<li><a href="Emarel_Freshel" title="Emarel Freshel">Emarel Freshel</a></li>

<li><a href="Andr%C3%A9_G%C3%A9raud" title="André Géraud">André Géraud</a></li>

<li><a href="Lewis_Gompertz" title="Lewis Gompertz">Lewis Gompertz</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Granger" title="James Granger">James Granger</a></li>

<li><a href="Barry_Horne_(activist)" title="Barry Horne (activist)">Barry Horne</a></li>

<li><a href="Marie_Huot" title="Marie Huot">Marie Huot</a></li>

<li><a href="Lizzy_Lind_af_Hageby" title="Lizzy Lind af Hageby">Lizzy Lind af Hageby</a></li>

<li><a href="Jessie_Mackay" title="Jessie Mackay">Jessie Mackay</a></li>

<li><a href="Alfred_Mansfield_Mitchell" title="Alfred Mansfield Mitchell">Alfred Mansfield Mitchell</a></li>

<li><a href="J._Isaac_Pengelly" title="J. Isaac Pengelly">J. Isaac Pengelly</a></li>

<li><a href="Norm_Phelps" title="Norm Phelps">Norm Phelps</a></li>

<li><a href="Death_of_Jill_Phipps" title="Death of Jill Phipps">Jill Phipps</a></li>

<li><a href="Maud_Ingersoll_Probasco" title="Maud Ingersoll Probasco">Maud Ingersoll Probasco</a></li>

<li><a href="Hans_Ruesch" title="Hans Ruesch">Hans Ruesch</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnus_Schwantje" title="Magnus Schwantje">Magnus Schwantje</a></li>

<li><a href="Nell_Shipman" title="Nell Shipman">Nell Shipman</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Spira" title="Henry Spira">Henry Spira</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Stratton_(clergyman)" title="Joseph Stratton (clergyman)">Joseph Stratton</a></li>

<li><a href="Andrew_Tyler" title="Andrew Tyler">Andrew Tyler</a></li>

<li><a href="Gretchen_Wyler" title="Gretchen Wyler">Gretchen Wyler</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Movement_(groups,_parties)398" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Animal_rights_movement" title="Animal rights movement">Movement</a> (groups, parties)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Anti-Vivisection_Society" title="American Anti-Vivisection Society">American Anti-Vivisection Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_Aid" title="Animal Aid">Animal Aid</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_Ethics_(organization)" title="Animal Ethics (organization)">Animal Ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_Justice_(organization)" title="Animal Justice (organization)">Animal Justice</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_Justice_Project" title="Animal Justice Project">Animal Justice Project</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_Legal_Defense_Fund" title="Animal Legal Defense Fund">Animal Legal Defense Fund</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_Liberation_(organisation)" title="Animal Liberation (organisation)">Animal Liberation</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_Liberation_Front" title="Animal Liberation Front">Animal Liberation Front</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_Liberation_Press_Office" title="Animal Liberation Press Office">Animal Liberation Press Office</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_Liberation_Victoria" title="Animal Liberation Victoria">Animal Liberation Victoria</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_Rights_Militia" title="Animal Rights Militia">Animal Rights Militia</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_Rising" title="Animal Rising">Animal Rising</a></li>

<li><a href="AnimaNaturalis" title="AnimaNaturalis">AnimaNaturalis</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Vivisection_Coalition" title="Anti-Vivisection Coalition">Anti-Vivisection Coalition</a></li>

<li><a href="Anonymous_for_the_Voiceless" title="Anonymous for the Voiceless">Anonymous for the Voiceless</a></li>

<li><a href="Beauty_Without_Cruelty" title="Beauty Without Cruelty">Beauty Without Cruelty</a></li>

<li><a href="Born_Free_Foundation" title="Born Free Foundation">Born Free Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Centre_for_Animals_and_Social_Justice" title="Centre for Animals and Social Justice">Centre for Animals and Social Justice</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_Animal_Protection_Network" title="Chinese Animal Protection Network">Chinese Animal Protection Network</a></li>

<li><a href="Cruelty_Free_International" title="Cruelty Free International">Cruelty Free International</a></li>

<li><a href="Direct_Action_Everywhere" title="Direct Action Everywhere">Direct Action Everywhere</a></li>

<li><a href="Doctors_Against_Animal_Experiments" title="Doctors Against Animal Experiments">Doctors Against Animal Experiments</a></li>

<li><a href="Equanimal" title="Equanimal">Equanimal</a></li>

<li><a href="Every_Animal" title="Every Animal">Every Animal</a></li>

<li><a href="Farm_Animal_Rights_Movement" title="Farm Animal Rights Movement">Farm Animal Rights Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Faunalytics" title="Faunalytics">Faunalytics</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Ape_Project" title="Great Ape Project">Great Ape Project</a></li>

<li><a href="Hunt_Saboteurs_Association" title="Hunt Saboteurs Association">Hunt Saboteurs Association</a></li>

<li><a href="In_Defense_of_Animals" title="In Defense of Animals">In Defense of Animals</a></li>

<li><a href="Korea_Animal_Rights_Advocates" title="Korea Animal Rights Advocates">Korea Animal Rights Advocates</a></li>

<li><a href="Last_Chance_for_Animals" title="Last Chance for Animals">Last Chance for Animals</a></li>

<li><a href="Massachusetts_Animal_Rights_Coalition" title="Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition">Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition</a></li>

<li><a href="Mercy_for_Animals" title="Mercy for Animals">Mercy for Animals</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxford_Centre_for_Animal_Ethics" title="Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics">Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals" title="People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals</a></li>

<li><a href="Revolutionary_Cells_%E2%80%93_Animal_Liberation_Brigade" title="Revolutionary Cells – Animal Liberation Brigade">Revolutionary Cells – Animal Liberation Brigade</a></li>

<li><a href="Rise_for_Animals" title="Rise for Animals">Rise for Animals</a></li>

<li><a href="Sentience_Politics" title="Sentience Politics">Sentience Politics</a></li>

<li><a href="Uncaged_Campaigns" title="Uncaged Campaigns">Uncaged Campaigns</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Activists_for_Animal_Rights" title="United Activists for Animal Rights">United Activists for Animal Rights</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Poultry_Concerns" title="United Poultry Concerns">United Poultry Concerns</a></li>

<li><a href="UPF-Centre_for_Animal_Ethics" title="UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics">UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Voice_for_Animals_Humane_Society" title="Voice for Animals Humane Society">Voice for Animals Humane Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Voiceless_(animal_rights_group)" title="Voiceless (animal rights group)">Voiceless</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Canadian_Anti-Vivisection_Society" title="Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society">Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Humanitarian_League" title="Humanitarian League">Humanitarian League</a> (1891–1919)</li>

<li><a href="Millennium_Guild" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennium Guild">Millennium Guild</a></li>

<li><a href="Order_of_the_Golden_Age" title="Order of the Golden Age">Order of the Golden Age</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxford_Group_(animal_rights)" title="Oxford Group (animal rights)">Oxford Group</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Animal_Justice_Party" title="Animal Justice Party">Animal Justice Party</a> (Australia)</li>

<li><a href="Animal_Politics_EU" title="Animal Politics EU">Animal Politics EU</a> (Europe)</li>

<li><a href="Animal_Protection_Party_of_Canada" title="Animal Protection Party of Canada">Animal Protection Party of Canada</a> (Canada)</li>

<li><a href="Animal_Justice_Party_of_Finland" title="Animal Justice Party of Finland">Animal Justice Party of Finland</a> (Finland)</li>

<li><a href="Animals'_Party" title="Animals' Party">Animals' Party</a> (Sweden)</li>

<li><a href="Animalist_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Animalist Movement">Animalist Movement</a> (Italy)</li>

<li><a href="Animalist_Party_with_the_Environment" title="Animalist Party with the Environment">Animalist Party with the Environment</a> (Spain)</li>

<li><a href="DierAnimal" title="DierAnimal">DierAnimal</a> (Belgium)</li>

<li><a href="Human_Environment_Animal_Protection_Party" title="Human Environment Animal Protection Party">Human Environment Animal Protection Party</a> (Germany)</li>

<li><a href="Italian_Animalist_Party" title="Italian Animalist Party">Italian Animalist Party</a> (Italy)</li>

<li><a href="Party_for_the_Animals" title="Party for the Animals">Party for the Animals</a> (Netherlands)</li>

<li><a href="People_Animals_Nature" title="People Animals Nature">People Animals Nature</a> (Portugal)</li>

<li><a href="V-Partei3" title="V-Partei3">V-Partei³</a> (Germany)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Animal_Rights_National_Conference" title="Animal Rights National Conference">Animal Rights National Conference</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Media_(books,_films,_periodicals,_albums)398" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Media (books, films, periodicals, albums)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="On_Abstinence_from_Eating_Animals" title="On Abstinence from Eating Animals">On Abstinence from Eating Animals</a></i> (3rd century)</li>

<li><i><a href="A_Reasonable_Plea_for_the_Animal_Creation" title="A Reasonable Plea for the Animal Creation">A Reasonable Plea for the Animal Creation</a></i> (1746)</li>

<li><i><a href="A_System_of_Moral_Philosophy%2C_in_Three_Books" title="A System of Moral Philosophy, in Three Books">A System of Moral Philosophy, in Three Books</a></i> (1755)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Cry_of_Nature" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cry of Nature">The Cry of Nature</a></i> (1791)</li>

<li><i><a href="An_Essay_on_Humanity_to_Animals" title="An Essay on Humanity to Animals">An Essay on Humanity to Animals</a></i> (1798)</li>

<li><i><a href="An_Essay_on_Abstinence_from_Animal_Food%2C_as_a_Moral_Duty" title="An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty">An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty</a></i> (1802)</li>

<li><i><a href="Moral_Inquiries_on_the_Situation_of_Man_and_of_Brutes" title="Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes">Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes</a></i> (1824)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Rights_of_Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rights of Animals">The Rights of Animals</a></i> (1838)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Ethics_of_Diet" title="The Ethics of Diet">The Ethics of Diet</a></i> (1883)</li>

<li><i><a href="A_Plea_for_Vegetarianism_and_Other_Essays" title="A Plea for Vegetarianism and Other Essays">A Plea for Vegetarianism and Other Essays</a></i> (1886)</li>

<li><i><a href="Animals'_Rights%3A_Considered_in_Relation_to_Social_Progress" title="Animals' Rights: Considered in Relation to Social Progress">Animals' Rights: Considered in Relation to Social Progress</a></i> (1892)</li>

<li><i><a href="Evolutional_Ethics_and_Animal_Psychology" title="Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology">Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology</a></i> (1897)</li>

<li><i><a href="Better-World_Philosophy" title="Better-World Philosophy">Better-World Philosophy</a></i> (1899)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Logic_of_Vegetarianism" title="The Logic of Vegetarianism">The Logic of Vegetarianism</a></i> (1899)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Universal_Kinship" title="The Universal Kinship">The Universal Kinship</a></i> (1906)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_New_Ethics" title="The New Ethics">The New Ethics</a></i> (1907)</li>

<li><i><a href="Animals%2C_Men_and_Morals" title="Animals, Men and Morals">Animals, Men and Morals</a></i> (1971)</li>

<li><i><a href="Animal_Liberation_(book)" title="Animal Liberation (book)">Animal Liberation</a></i> (1975)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Case_for_Animal_Rights" title="The Case for Animal Rights">The Case for Animal Rights</a></i> (1983)</li>

<li><i><a href="Morals%2C_Reason%2C_and_Animals" title="Morals, Reason, and Animals">Morals, Reason, and Animals</a></i> (1987)</li>

<li><i><a href="Zoos_and_Animal_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoos and Animal Rights">Zoos and Animal Rights</a></i> (1993)</li>

<li><i><a href="Animals%2C_Property%2C_and_the_Law" title="Animals, Property, and the Law">Animals, Property, and the Law</a></i> (1995)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Lives_of_Animals" title="The Lives of Animals">The Lives of Animals</a></i> (1999)</li>

<li><i><a href="Eternal_Treblinka" title="Eternal Treblinka">Eternal Treblinka</a></i> (2001)</li>

<li><i><a href="Do_Animals_Have_Rights%3F" title="Do Animals Have Rights?">Do Animals Have Rights?</a></i> (2005)</li>

<li><i><a href="Striking_at_the_Roots" title="Striking at the Roots">Striking at the Roots</a></i> (2008)</li>

<li><i><a href="An_American_Trilogy_(book)" title="An American Trilogy (book)">An American Trilogy</a></i> (2009)</li>

<li><i><a href="An_Introduction_to_Animals_and_Political_Theory" title="An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory">An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory</a></i> (2010)</li>

<li><i><a href="Animal_Rights_Without_Liberation" title="Animal Rights Without Liberation">Animal Rights Without Liberation</a></i> (2012)</li>

<li><i><a href="Political_Animals_and_Animal_Politics" title="Political Animals and Animal Politics">Political Animals and Animal Politics</a></i> (2014)</li>

<li><i><a href="Animal_(De)liberation" title="Animal (De)liberation">Animal (De)liberation</a></i> (2016)</li>

<li><i><a href="Beating_Hearts%3A_Abortion_and_Animal_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Beating Hearts: Abortion and Animal Rights">Beating Hearts: Abortion and Animal Rights</a></i> (2016)</li>

<li><i><a href="Sentientist_Politics" title="Sentientist Politics">Sentientist Politics</a></i> (2018)</li>

<li><i><a href="Wild_Animal_Ethics" title="Wild Animal Ethics">Wild Animal Ethics</a></i> (2020)</li>

<li><i><a href="Animal_Ethics_in_the_Wild" title="Animal Ethics in the Wild">Animal Ethics in the Wild</a></i> (2022)</li>

<li><i><a href="Making_a_Stand_for_Animals" title="Making a Stand for Animals">Making a Stand for Animals</a></i> (2022)</li>

<li><i><a href="Animal_Rights_Law" title="Animal Rights Law">Animal Rights Law</a></i> (2023)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Moral_Circle" title="The Moral Circle">The Moral Circle</a></i> (2025)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="The_Animals_Film" title="The Animals Film">The Animals Film</a></i> (1981)</li>

<li><i><a href="A_Cow_at_My_Table" title="A Cow at My Table">A Cow at My Table</a></i> (1998)</li>

<li><i><a href="Shores_of_Silence" title="Shores of Silence">Shores of Silence</a></i> (2000)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Witness_(2000_film)" title="The Witness (2000 film)">The Witness</a></i> (2000)</li>

<li><i><a href="Legally_Blonde_2%3A_Red%2C_White_%26_Blonde" title="Legally Blonde 2: Red, White & Blonde">Legally Blonde 2</a></i> (2003)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Meatrix" title="The Meatrix">The Meatrix</a></i> (2003)</li>

<li><i><a href="Peaceable_Kingdom_(film)" title="Peaceable Kingdom (film)">Peaceable Kingdom</a></i> (2004)</li>

<li><i><a href="Earthlings_(film)" title="Earthlings (film)">Earthlings</a></i> (2005)</li>

<li><i><a href="Behind_the_Mask_(2006_film)" title="Behind the Mask (2006 film)">Behind the Mask</a></i> (2006)</li>

<li><i><a href="Your_Mommy_Kills_Animals" title="Your Mommy Kills Animals">Your Mommy Kills Animals</a></i> (2007)</li>

<li><i><a href="Peaceable_Kingdom%3A_The_Journey_Home" title="Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home">Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home</a></i> (2009)</li>

<li><i><a href="Forks_Over_Knives" title="Forks Over Knives">Forks Over Knives</a></i> (2011)</li>

<li><i><a href="Vegucated" title="Vegucated">Vegucated</a></i> (2011)</li>

<li><i><a href="An_Apology_to_Elephants" title="An Apology to Elephants">An Apology to Elephants</a></i> (2013)</li>

<li><i><a href="Speciesism%3A_The_Movie" title="Speciesism: The Movie">Speciesism: The Movie</a></i> (2013)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Ghosts_in_Our_Machine" title="The Ghosts in Our Machine">The Ghosts in Our Machine</a></i> (2013)</li>

<li><i><a href="Unlocking_the_Cage" title="Unlocking the Cage">Unlocking the Cage</a></i> (2016)</li>

<li><i>Land of Hope and Glory</i> (2017)</li>

<li><i><a href="Carnage_(2017_film)" title="Carnage (2017 film)">Carnage</a></i> (2017)</li>

<li><i><a href="Dominion_(2018_film)" title="Dominion (2018 film)">Dominion</a></i> (2018)</li>

<li><i><a href="Seaspiracy" title="Seaspiracy">Seaspiracy</a></i> (2021)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Animal_Sentience_(journal)" title="Animal Sentience (journal)">Animal Sentience</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Between_the_Species" title="Between the Species">Between the Species</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Cahiers_antisp%C3%A9cistes" title="Cahiers antispécistes">Cahiers antispécistes</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Etica_%26_Animali" title="Etica & Animali">Etica & Animali</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Journal_of_Animal_Ethics" title="Journal of Animal Ethics">Journal of Animal Ethics</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Relations._Beyond_Anthropocentrism" title="Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism">Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Animals'_Defender" class="mw-redirect" title="The Animals' Defender">The Animals' Defender</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magazines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Arkangel_(magazine)" title="Arkangel (magazine)">Arkangel</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Muutoksen_kev%C3%A4t" title="Muutoksen kevät">Muutoksen kevät</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="No_Compromise_(magazine)" title="No Compromise (magazine)">No Compromise</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Satya_(magazine)" title="Satya (magazine)">Satya</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_songs_about_animal_rights" title="List of songs about animal rights">Albums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Animal_Liberation_(album)" title="Animal Liberation (album)">Animal Liberation</a></i> (1987)</li>

<li><i><a href="Tame_Yourself" title="Tame Yourself">Tame Yourself</a></i> (1991)</li>

<li><i><a href="Manifesto_(Deadlock_album)" title="Manifesto (Deadlock album)">Manifesto</a></i> (2008)</li>

<li><i><a href="Salvation_of_Innocents" title="Salvation of Innocents">Salvation of Innocents</a></i> (2014)</li>

<li><i><a href="Onward_to_Freedom" title="Onward to Freedom">Onward to Freedom</a></i> (2014)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fairs and exhibitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Holocaust_on_your_Plate" title="Holocaust on your Plate">Holocaust on your Plate</a></i> (2003)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category <small style="">( 138 )</small></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Environmental_humanities678" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Environmental_humanities678" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Environmental_humanities" title="Environmental humanities">Environmental humanities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Environmental_art" title="Environmental art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Environmental_art" title="Environmental art">Environmental art</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_sculpture" title="Environmental sculpture">Environmental sculpture</a></li>

<li><a href="Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">Landscape painting</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a>

<ul><li><a href="Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">conservation</a></li>

<li><a href="Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">landscape</a></li>

<li><a href="Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">nature</a></li>

<li><a href="Wildlife_photography" title="Wildlife photography">wildlife</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sculpture_trail" title="Sculpture trail">Sculpture trail</a></li>

<li><a href="Site-specific_art" title="Site-specific art">Site-specific art</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainable_art" title="Sustainable art">Sustainable art</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cultural_ecology" title="Cultural ecology">Cultural ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_landscape" title="Cultural landscape">Cultural landscape</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecolinguistics" title="Ecolinguistics">Ecolinguistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecological_anthropology" title="Ecological anthropology">Ecological anthropology</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecosemiotics" title="Ecosemiotics">Ecosemiotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_anthropology" title="Environmental anthropology">Environmental anthropology</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnoecology" title="Ethnoecology">Ethnoecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Traditional_ecological_knowledge" title="Traditional ecological knowledge">Traditional ecological knowledge</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ecocomposition" title="Ecocomposition">Ecocomposition</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecocriticism" title="Ecocriticism">Ecocriticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecopoetry" title="Ecopoetry">Ecopoetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Geocriticism" title="Geocriticism">Geocriticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Nature_writing" title="Nature writing">Nature writing</a></li>

<li><a href="Outdoor_literature" title="Outdoor literature">Outdoor literature</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Environmental_philosophy" title="Environmental philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aesthetics_of_nature" title="Aesthetics of nature">Aesthetics of nature</a></li>

<li><a href="Critical_realism_(philosophy_of_the_social_sciences)" title="Critical realism (philosophy of the social sciences)">Critical realism</a></li>

<li><a href="Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li>

<li><a href="Maurice_Merleau-Ponty#Ecophenomenology" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Ecophenomenology</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecosophy" title="Ecosophy">Ecosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_ethics" title="Environmental ethics">Environmental ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">Environmental justice</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_philosophy" title="Environmental philosophy">Environmental philosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_ecology_(theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (theory)">Social ecology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Religion_and_environmentalism" title="Religion and environmentalism">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ecotheology" title="Ecotheology">Ecotheology</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_theology" title="Environmental theology">Environmental theology</a></li>

<li><a href="Religion_and_environmentalism" title="Religion and environmentalism">Religion and environmentalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Spiritual_ecology" title="Spiritual ecology">Spiritual ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecomusicology" title="Ecomusicology">Ecomusicology</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_communication" title="Environmental communication">Environmental communication</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_education" title="Environmental education">Environmental education</a>

<ul><li><a href="Environmental_adult_education" title="Environmental adult education">adult</a></li>

<li><a href="Arts-based_environmental_education" title="Arts-based environmental education">arts-based</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_history" title="Environmental history">Environmental history</a></li>

<li><a href="Heritage_interpretation" title="Heritage interpretation">Environmental interpretation</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_journalism" title="Environmental journalism">Environmental journalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">Environmental law</a></li>

<li><a href="Outdoor_education" title="Outdoor education">Outdoor education</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_representation_of_nature" title="Political representation of nature">Political representation of nature</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychogeography" title="Psychogeography">Psychogeography</a></li>

<li><a href="Thematic_interpretation" title="Thematic interpretation">Thematic interpretation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Animal_studies" title="Animal studies">Animal studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Bioethics" title="Bioethics">Bioethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Biophilia_hypothesis" title="Biophilia hypothesis">Biophilia hypothesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Do_it_yourself" title="Do it yourself">Do it yourself</a> (<a href="DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">ethic</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Natural_history" title="Natural history">Natural history</a> (<a href="List_of_natural_history_museums" title="List of natural history museums">museums</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Popular_science" title="Popular science">Popular science</a></li>

<li><a href="Property" title="Property">Property theory</a> (<a href="Common-pool_resource" title="Common-pool resource">common property</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Sexecology" title="Sexecology">Sexecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Science%2C_technology_and_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Science, technology and society">Science, technology and society</a>

<ul><li><a href="Science_studies" title="Science studies">science studies</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li>

<li><a href="Spirit_of_place" title="Spirit of place">Spirit of place</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainability_studies" title="Sustainability studies">Sustainability studies</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Applied_arts" title="Applied arts">Applied</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Acoustic_ecology" title="Acoustic ecology">Acoustic ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Biomimetics" title="Biomimetics">Biomimicry</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecomuseum" title="Ecomuseum">Ecomuseum</a></li>

<li><a href="Educational_trail" title="Educational trail">Educational trail</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">Environmental design</a></li>

<li><a href="Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a>

<ul><li><a href="Landscape_assessment" title="Landscape assessment">assessment</a></li>

<li><a href="Landscape_planning" title="Landscape planning">planning</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nature_center" title="Nature center">Nature center</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">Sustainable architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainable_fashion" title="Sustainable fashion">Sustainable fashion</a></li>

<li><a href="Themed_walk" title="Themed walk">Themed walk</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Portal%3AEnvironment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Environmental_humanities" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Environmental humanities">Commons</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_environmental_journals#Environmental_humanities" title="List of environmental journals">Journals</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_environmental_degrees" title="List of environmental degrees">Degrees</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wild_animal_suffering71" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Wild_animal_suffering71" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Wild_animal_suffering" title="Wild animal suffering">Wild animal suffering</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Animal_ethics" title="Animal ethics">Animal ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecology_of_fear" title="Ecology of fear">Ecology of fear</a></li>

<li><a href="Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li>

<li><a href="Welfare_biology" title="Welfare biology">Welfare biology</a></li>

<li><a href="Wild_animal_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild animal welfare">Wild animal welfare</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Wildlife_contraceptive" title="Wildlife contraceptive">Contraception</a></li>

<li><a href="Wildlife_rehabilitation" title="Wildlife rehabilitation">Rehabilitation</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_vaccination" title="Animal vaccination">Vaccination</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Moral_Inquiries_on_the_Situation_of_Man_and_of_Brutes" title="Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes">Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes</a></i> (1824)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Universal_Kinship" title="The Universal Kinship">The Universal Kinship</a></i> (1906)</li>

<li><i><a href="Morals%2C_Reason%2C_and_Animals" title="Morals, Reason, and Animals">Morals, Reason, and Animals</a></i> (1987)</li>

<li><i><a href="Nature_Red_in_Tooth_and_Claw_(book)" title="Nature Red in Tooth and Claw (book)">Nature Red in Tooth and Claw</a></i> (2008)</li>

<li>"<a href="The_Meat_Eaters" title="The Meat Eaters">The Meat Eaters</a>" (2010)</li>

<li><i><a href="Sentientist_Politics" title="Sentientist Politics">Sentientist Politics</a></i> (2019)</li>

<li><i><a href="Wild_Animal_Ethics" title="Wild Animal Ethics">Wild Animal Ethics</a></i> (2020)</li>

<li><i><a href="Animal_Ethics_in_the_Wild" title="Animal Ethics in the Wild">Animal Ethics in the Wild</a></i> (2022)</li>

<li><i><a href="Making_a_Stand_for_Animals" title="Making a Stand for Animals">Making a Stand for Animals</a></i> (2022)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Animal_Ethics_(organization)" title="Animal Ethics (organization)">Animal Ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Wild_Animal_Initiative" title="Wild Animal Initiative">Wild Animal Initiative</a></li>

<li><a href="Wildlife_Disaster_Network" title="Wildlife Disaster Network">Wildlife Disaster Network</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Elisa_Aaltola" title="Elisa Aaltola">Elisa Aaltola</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacy_Reese_Anthis" title="Jacy Reese Anthis">Jacy Reese Anthis</a></li>

<li><a href="Yves_Bonnardel" title="Yves Bonnardel">Yves Bonnardel</a></li>

<li><a href="J._Baird_Callicott" title="J. Baird Callicott">J. Baird Callicott</a></li>

<li><a href="Stephen_R._L._Clark" title="Stephen R. L. Clark">Stephen R. L. Clark</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a></li>

<li><a href="Sue_Donaldson" title="Sue Donaldson">Sue Donaldson</a></li>

<li><a href="Catia_Faria" title="Catia Faria">Catia Faria</a></li>

<li><a href="Oscar_Horta" title="Oscar Horta">Oscar Horta</a></li>

<li><a href="Kyle_Johannsen" title="Kyle Johannsen">Kyle Johannsen</a></li>

<li><a href="Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Will Kymlicka</a></li>

<li><a href="Tobias_Leenaert" title="Tobias Leenaert">Tobias Leenaert</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Lepeltier" title="Thomas Lepeltier">Thomas Lepeltier</a></li>

<li><a href="William_MacAskill" title="William MacAskill">William MacAskill</a></li>

<li><a href="Jeff_McMahan_(philosopher)" title="Jeff McMahan (philosopher)">Jeff McMahan</a></li>

<li><a href="Ole_Martin_Moen" title="Ole Martin Moen">Ole Martin Moen</a></li>

<li><a href="Steven_Nadler" title="Steven Nadler">Steven Nadler</a></li>

<li><a href="Yew-Kwang_Ng" title="Yew-Kwang Ng">Yew-Kwang Ng</a></li>

<li><a href="Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Martha Nussbaum</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Olivier" title="David Olivier">David Olivier</a></li>

<li><a href="Clare_Palmer" title="Clare Palmer">Clare Palmer</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Pearce_(philosopher)" title="David Pearce (philosopher)">David Pearce</a></li>

<li><a href="Holmes_Rolston_III" title="Holmes Rolston III">Holmes Rolston III</a></li>

<li><a href="Steve_F._Sapontzis" title="Steve F. Sapontzis">Steve F. Sapontzis</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a></li>

<li><a href="Brian_Tomasik" title="Brian Tomasik">Brian Tomasik</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Vallentyne" title="Peter Vallentyne">Peter Vallentyne</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a></li>

<li><a href="Erasmus_Darwin" title="Erasmus Darwin">Erasmus Darwin</a></li>

<li><a href="Lewis_Gompertz" title="Lewis Gompertz">Lewis Gompertz</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Paley" title="William Paley">William Paley</a></li>

<li><a href="J._Howard_Moore" title="J. Howard Moore">J. Howard Moore</a></li>

<li><a href="Tom_Regan" title="Tom Regan">Tom Regan</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Skutch" title="Alexander Skutch">Alexander Skutch</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-21" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Predation_problem&oldid=1301680922">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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